The favorite delicacy of children and adults is thin and crispy chips. Without them it is impossible to imagine a youth party, watching football or an exciting series. Today we will try to figure out who invented the chips and what is the technology for their preparation.
What are chips?
Have you ever thought about how the word “chips” is interpreted? The dictionary characterizes them as a snack made from thin potato slices fried in sunflower oil.
According to the Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Arts, chips are potatoes in the form of thin slices that are boiled or dried in hot air. The second characteristic is potato waffles, made from dried mashed potatoes.
Chips are also the name given to one of the main ingredients of the signature English dish - fish and chips. The composition also includes fish that needs to be deep fried. The delicacy is very popular among tourists and guests of Foggy Albion.
The emergence of crispy potatoes
Who invented the chips that are adored by more than one generation of people? The delicacy appeared in the 19th century in the United States of America. Crum George, the inventor of chips, first presented them to the world. The delicacy appeared completely by accident.
Chef Crum George took revenge on his scrupulous customer, who claimed that the potatoes he ordered were thickly cut. The chef decided to cut the product into paper-thin slices and fry them in oil. After the dish was served, the picky client, having tried one thing, was indescribably delighted. Since then, chips have gained worldwide love and popularity.
Thanks to this story, we now know which chef invented chips in 1853.
Cooking chips from bygone days to modern times
The recipe for making potato slices was constantly modified. In the 19th century, only potatoes fried in oil and sprinkled with salt were used to make chips. As progress progressed, various spices were added to the slices. For example, curry and a mixture of dried aromatic herbs were famous seasonings for chips. Later, stabilizers and flavorings began to appear in the recipe. These components are extremely harmful to human health.
The history of making chips is very interesting. In gratitude to the one who invented chips, one of the famous restaurateurs decided to introduce potato plates into the menu of their expensive establishments. At the beginning of 1900, chips migrated from there to street vendors who made bright advertisements, inviting people.
The owner of one of the sales points came up with the idea of packaging finished products in paper bags. Residents of the town of Cleveland really liked this idea, and the chips began to fly away literally before our eyes. Thus, a merchant named Tappendam became rich, and the delicacy became one of the favorites among people of all ages.
Potato slices cannot be stored for long in paper packaging, so in 1926 Laura Scudder invented the polished type of packaging. This was very convenient for transporting and selling chips in stores. Soon a new problem appeared - demand exceeded supply. It was for these purposes that Freeman Macbeth invented a special machine that was capable of producing large batches of chips. From that moment on, the era of widespread production of crispy products to satisfy consumers began.
Where were chips invented? In the USA, that's why the International Potato Chip Institute opened there.
Manufacturing technology
Chips are made from fresh potatoes, which are chopped into slices, strips or plates. The product manufacturing process can be divided into the following stages:
- washing and packaging potatoes;
- peeling;
- cutting ready-made tubers;
- rinsing from starch;
- blanching (carried out to facilitate the subsequent manufacturing process);
- drying;
- frying in special deep fryers;
- adding salt and spices.
I wonder if the one who invented chips could have imagined that a century later their production would reach such a high level, and the demand for the product would be colossal?
How the most popular types are made
To prepare 1 kilogram of chips you will need about 5 kg of potatoes. There are two varieties of this delicacy:
- Classic. To begin with, the potatoes are cut into slices, washed under running water and deep-fried. After 2 minutes have passed, spices, salt, and flavorings are added to the product.
- Snacks. They are made from dry puree, which is formed into bars and sprinkled with herbs and spices. Next, they are fried, like classic chips.
Chips ingredients
The popular delicacy is made from different bases, so the chips come in:
- potato (characterized by naturalness, characteristic round or oblong shape, weightlessness and crispness);
- fruit (made from pieces of dried bananas, apples or pears);
- corn and cereals.
Taking into account taste preferences, a distinction is made between sweet and savory slices.
It must be said that fruit and cereal chips have appeared on sale relatively recently and are not yet as wildly popular as potato varieties.
Making chips at home
Surely many would like to treat themselves to a delicious home-made delicacy without flavorings or other flavoring additives. So, how to make potato chips at home? For this you will need:
- 3 potato tubers;
- 100 g unsweetened oatmeal;
- 4-5 tbsp. l. flour;
- 1 large egg;
- 2 g yeast;
- spices, salt, pepper.
First you need to boil the potatoes in salted water and drain it. Crush the tubers until pureed, add a small piece of butter and a pinch of mushroom seasoning. Dissolve the yeast in warm water and leave to swell for 5 minutes. grind to flour using a blender. When the mashed potatoes have cooled, add oatmeal, egg, swollen yeast and wheat flour. Knead the dough and leave in a warm place for half an hour.
Next, spread the parchment on the table and coat it with oil. Place a small piece of dough on the paper and knead it with a rolling pin. After this, use a mug to cut out circles - future chips. Heat a frying pan and oil over high heat. Place the resulting preparations in deep fat and fry until crispy. You need to fry them for 10 seconds, but no more! After cooking, sprinkle the product with paprika.
This is how you make delicious potato chips at home.
Story
It is believed that the chips were accidentally invented by George Crum (George "Speck" Crum was born in 1822 in Saratoga Lake, New York; his father was African American and his mother was a Huron Indian; Speck later took the surname Crum). August 24, 1853, at the Saratoga Springs resort (USA), working as a chef at the fashionable restaurant of the Moon’s Lake Lodge hotel. According to legend, one of the restaurant's signature recipes Moon's Lake Lodge there were "french fries". One day at dinner, railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt returned fried potatoes to the kitchen, complaining that they were “too thick.” The chef, Krum, decided to play a trick on the tycoon, cut the potatoes literally paper-thin and fried them. But the tycoon and his friends liked the dish.
The recipe was nicknamed " Saratoga Chips" After some time, chips became the restaurant's most popular specialty.
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Excerpt characterizing Chips
“Yes, gunpowder,” said the count. - She hit me! And what a voice: even though it’s my daughter, I’ll tell the truth, she will be a singer, Salomoni is different. We hired an Italian to teach her.- Is not it too early? They say it is harmful for your voice to study at this time.
- Oh no, it’s so early! - said the count. - How did our mothers get married at twelve thirteen?
- She’s already in love with Boris! What? - said the countess, smiling quietly, looking at Boris’s mother, and, apparently answering the thought that had always occupied her, she continued. - Well, you see, if I had kept her strictly, I would have forbidden her... God knows what they would have done on the sly (the countess meant: they would have kissed), and now I know every word she says. She herself will come running in the evening and tell me everything. Maybe I'm spoiling her; but, really, this seems to be better. I kept the eldest strictly.
“Yes, I was brought up completely differently,” said the eldest, beautiful Countess Vera, smiling.
But a smile did not grace Vera’s face, as usually happens; on the contrary, her face became unnatural and therefore unpleasant.
The eldest, Vera, was good, she was not stupid, she studied well, she was well brought up, her voice was pleasant, what she said was fair and appropriate; but, strangely, everyone, both the guest and the countess, looked back at her, as if they were surprised why she said this, and felt awkward.
“They always play tricks with older children, they want to do something extraordinary,” said the guest.
- To be honest, ma chere! The Countess was playing tricks with Vera,” said the Count. - Well, oh well! Still, she turned out nice,” he added, winking approvingly at Vera.
The guests got up and left, promising to come for dinner.
- What a manner! They were already sitting, sitting! - said the countess, ushering the guests out.
When Natasha left the living room and ran, she only reached the flower shop. She stopped in this room, listening to the conversation in the living room and waiting for Boris to come out. She was already beginning to get impatient and, stamping her foot, was about to cry because he was not walking now, when she heard the quiet, not fast, decent steps of a young man.
Natasha quickly rushed between the flower pots and hid.
Boris stopped in the middle of the room, looked around, brushed specks from his uniform sleeve with his hand and walked up to the mirror, examining his handsome face. Natasha, having become quiet, looked out from her ambush, waiting for what he would do. He stood in front of the mirror for a while, smiled and went to the exit door. Natasha wanted to call out to him, but then changed her mind. “Let him search,” she told herself. Boris had just left when a flushed Sonya emerged from another door, whispering something angrily through her tears. Natasha restrained herself from her first move to run out to her and remained in her ambush, as if under an invisible cap, looking out for what was happening in the world. She experienced a special new pleasure. Sonya whispered something and looked back at the living room door. Nikolai came out of the door.
- Sonya! What happened to you? Is this possible? - Nikolai said, running up to her.
- Nothing, nothing, leave me! – Sonya began to sob.
- No, I know what.
- Well, you know, that’s great, and go to her.
- Sooo! One word! Is it possible to torture me and yourself like this because of a fantasy? - Nikolai said, taking her hand.
Sonya did not pull his hands away and stopped crying.
Natasha, without moving or breathing, looked out from her ambush with shining heads. "What will happen now"? she thought.
- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! “You alone are everything to me,” Nikolai said. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you talk like that.”
- Well, I won’t, I’m sorry, Sonya! “He pulled her towards him and kissed her.
“Oh, how good!” thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and cunning look. – I need to tell you one thing. Here, here,” she said and led him into the flower shop to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
– What is this one thing? - he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll abandoned on the tub, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting with her thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked next to him into the sofa.
The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the countess, addressing her eldest daughter, obviously unloved. - How come you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're out of place here? Go to your sisters, or...
Beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me long ago, mamma, I would have left immediately,” she said, and went to her room.
But, passing by the sofa, she noticed that there were two couples sitting symmetrically at two windows. She stopped and smiled contemptuously. Sonya sat close to Nikolai, who was copying out poems for her that he had written for the first time. Boris and Natasha were sitting at another window and fell silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha looked at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but the sight of them, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.”
She took the inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” said Vera. “Then they ran into the living room, so everyone felt ashamed of you.”
Despite the fact that, or precisely because, what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only looked at each other. She lingered in the room with the inkwell in her hand.
According to the most common theory, this popular snack was created thanks to the contribution of George Crum. George "Speck" Crum worked as a chef at an expensive American restaurant called Moon's Lake House, located in Saratoga Springs. The restaurant's menu featured French fries prepared by the chef in the standard "Pommes Pont-Neuf" style, which was invented in France and popularized in the United States by Thomas Jefferson.
One day at dinner, the restaurant's regular customer, railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, returned the French fries to the kitchen, complaining that they were cut too thick. Then George Crum fried a thinner batch of fries, but this dish also met with disapproval. Angry, the chef cut the potatoes so that they showed through in the light and fried them in oil until crisp. Surprisingly, the guest was delighted with the paper-thin potatoes. Over time, the chips, called Saratoga Chips, became the restaurant's most popular specialty. And in 1860, Crum opened his own restaurant, with a basket of chips on each table.
However, this is not the only version of the origin of chips. According to another theory, the snack arose due to an accident that happened to George Crum's sister, Catherine Wicks, who also worked as a cook at the Moon's Lake House restaurant. She accidentally dropped a piece of potato into the frying pan with oil, and then took it out and put it on a plate. The brother, having tried an unusual piece of potato, said: “Now we will have a lot of them.” After the death of Catherine Weeks in 1924, her obituary was as follows:
"George Crum's sister, Mrs. Catherine Weeks, died aged 102. She was the cook at Moon's Lake House. It was she who invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips.”
And in a 1932 interview with the Saratoga newspaper, her grandson John Gilbert Freeman referred to his grandmother as “the true inventor of the potato chip.”
Their father was African-American, and their mother was a native of the Huron Indian tribe. Crum and his sister Catherine Weeks, like other Indians or mixed-race people of the era, are described as “Indian,” “mulatto,” or “black,” depending on one’s judgment.
The name “chips” comes from the English “chips”, which means “piece”, “slice”. The history of the creation of chips begins in 1853, and they appeared completely by accident. One day, Cornelius Vanderbilt, an American millionaire, stayed at the Moon Lake House Hotel in Saratoga Springs. While dining at the hotel, Vanderbilt three times expressed his dissatisfaction with the fact that the potatoes were cut into too large slices. Local chef George Crum, being a man of character, ended up preparing thinly sliced potatoes fried in oil for the millionaire. Unexpectedly, Vanderbilt liked the chef's new dish. He happily ordered it every time he dined at the hotel. Thus, “Saratoga chips,” as they were nicknamed, became the restaurant’s signature dish.
Seven years after the incident, George Crum opened his own chip restaurant in 1860. However, over time, this dish appeared in other food places, which is not surprising, since preparing chips is not at all difficult. Soon, chips appeared on the menus of America's best restaurants.
Until 1890, chips could only be eaten in restaurants or snack bars. The situation was changed by William Tappenden, the owner of a small diner in Cleveland. He was the first to come up with the idea of selling chips on the street in paper bags! Tappenden took this step in search of new clients during the crisis. He started selling chips from an old van.
Another 36 years later, the idea of packaging chips in wax paper was born. It was expressed by Laura Scudder. This packaging made it possible to transport the chips and extend their shelf life. Thus, chips appeared on supermarket shelves. However, mass production of chips became possible only after the invention of the potato peeling machine. Somewhat later, the first machine for the industrial production of chips appeared. It was created by Freeman Macbeth. His invention was immediately acquired by one of the companies, which began mass production of chips.
The chips were made without adding salt or any seasonings. In 1940, Tayto began producing flavored chips for the first time and began selling chips with a packet of salt.
In the Soviet Union, the history of the creation of chips begins in 1963. True, they were not called chips, but “Moscow crispy potatoes in slices,” which were produced at Mospishkombinat No. 1. In Russia, chips in their modern form appeared in the mid-90s and quickly became widespread.
Currently, manufacturers offer a huge selection of chips with different flavors. Today, there are two main methods for producing chips. The first method involves the production of chips from pieces of raw potatoes (called traditional), the second - from crushed potatoes.
George Crum, born George Speck, was born in 1828 in New York (Malta, New York). His mother was from the indigenous Huron Indians, and his father, of mixed race, worked as a jockey. The surname "Crum" was his father's racing name, which George began using as a teenager.
Like many in that area of the country, George began working in the resort area after high school, and soon discovered his love for cooking and the food industry. Very soon he was working as a cook at Cary Moon's Lake Lodge in Saratoga, and over time his culinary talents made him a highly respected chef.
According to history, George made his invention, potato chips, while working in a restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. Thus, one of the restaurant guests complained that the French fries served to him were cut too large. In response, the ambitious George, who was not used to customers complaining about his dishes, cut them as thin as he could, fried them, sprinkled them with salt and sent them to the hall. He was almost sure that the client would see his “harmfulness” and start complaining again, but, to his surprise, he was very pleased. Moreover, the client began to come and order this dish again and again, and soon Crum's chips began to be popular with other guests, and over time, french fries according to George's recipe became a "feature" of the restaurant, the dish was called "Saratoga chips" or " potato crunches".
However, many are skeptical about the history of the invention of chips by Crum, claiming that the recipe for chips was published in a cookbook back in 1832.
It is known that by 1860, George opened his own restaurant called "Crum's House" in a picturesque lakeside location in Malta, New York (Malta). They say that a bowl of branded chips was served as a treat at every table , and soon it was the chips that made this establishment very popular.
The story of the invention of chips became widespread much later - in the 1930s, and even later they became the national American food. However, there is still debate about whether George Crum is the real inventor of chips or not. Be that as it may, residents of Saratoga and the surrounding area consider these places to be the birthplace of chips, and George Crum is called their sole inventor. The name of American tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt is often associated with this story, who at some point was a regular customer of Crum’s restaurant, and later it was Vanderbilt who was behind a large-scale advertising campaign, becoming the main popularizer of chips in the United States.
